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Cynicism (philosophy)
Cynicism ((ギリシア語:κυνισμός)) is a school of Ancient Greek philosophy as practiced by the cynics ((ギリシア語:Κυνικοί), (ラテン語:Cynici)). For the cynics, the purpose of life was to live in virtue, in agreement with nature. As reasoning creatures, people could gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for themselves, rejecting all conventional desires for wealth, power, sex, and fame. Instead, they were to lead a simple life free from all possessions.
The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BC. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens.〔Laërtius & Hicks 1925, Ⅵ:23 ; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14.〕 Diogenes took cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although similar ascetic and rhetorical ideas appear in early Christianity.
By the 19th century, emphasis on the negative aspects of cynic philosophy led to the modern understanding of cynicism to mean a disposition of disbelief in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions.
==Origin of the cynic name==
The name cynic derives (genitive: ''kynos'').〔(Kynikos, "A Greek-English Lexicon", Liddell and Scott, at Perseus )〕 One explanation offered in ancient times for why the cynics were called "dogs" was because the first cynic, Antisthenes, taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 13. Cf. ''The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature'', 2nd edition, p. 165.〕 The word ''cynosarges'' means the "place of the white dog". It seems certain, however, that the word ''dog'' was also thrown at the first cynics as an insult for their shameless rejection of conventional manners, and their decision to live on the streets. Diogenes, in particular, was referred to as the "Dog",〔An obscure reference to "the Dog" in Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'' (3.10.1411a25) is generally agreed to be the first reference to Diogenes.〕 a distinction he seems to have revelled in, stating that "other dogs bite their enemies, I bite my friends to save them."〔Diogenes of Sinope, quoted by Stobaeus, ''Florilegium'', iii. 13. 44.〕 Later cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage, as a later commentator explained:
There are four reasons why the ''Cynics'' are so named. First because of the ''indifference'' of their way of life, for they make a cult of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. The second reason is that the dog is a shameless animal, and they make a cult of shamelessness, not as being beneath modesty, but as superior to it. The third reason is
that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason is that the dog is a discriminating animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies. So do they recognize as friends those who are suited to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, by barking at them.〔Scholium on Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'', quoted in 〕
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